2. Connections
a. Co-evolution & Commensalism
Co-evolution refers to species that evolve jointly when their interaction produces selection pressure on each other. A gene mutation may occur causing a prey to increase defense mechanisms, or a predator to catch its prey more efficient. Commensalism is the interaction between two species, where one benefits and one is not affected. If co-evolution occurs, it could disrupt the commensalism between the species, causing the neutral one to become harmed or to benefit.
b. Mimicry & Aposematic Coloration
In mimicry, a mimic organism resembles a model organism very closely in form and behavior. An organism develops aposematic coloration after eating its prey and associating its appearance to the toxins and foul taste it receives. An organism can develop aposematic coloration on either a mimic or a model involved in mimicry and become now confused on what it is supposed to eat. Its prey may be the model organism, but if the mimic is eaten, the predator will not eat its real prey because it has developed an aposematic coloration on it.
c. Altruism & Allele
Altruism is a self-sacrificing behavior, where an individual helps a population by reducing its own chance of producing offspring. An allele is a molecular form of a gene normally developing from a mutation. An organism who experiences altruism may gain an allele that reduces its reproduction chances.
d. Species & Population & Niche
A niche is the sum of its activities and interactions a species acquires to use the resources it must have to survive and reproduce. The niche of a species and how well the species can adapt its niche to work with its environment will determine how will it will survive among its population.
3. Few Essentials
a. Examples of the following concepts and interactions
1. Commensalism: The sparrow, a small bird, builds its nest under the nest of the osprey. The osprey is a larger bird that protects the sparrow's nest without knowing its there.
2. Mutualism: Lichen is a half plant half fungus. The plant provides food for the fungus, while the fungus provides protection from radiation and water absorption.
3. Parasitism: Tapeworms enter the human body and live in the intestines. It feeds off of the nutrients the human eats, causing the human to keep eating but not gain any nutritional support. The human dies from malnutrition.
4. Resource Partitioning: The bristly foxtail and the smartweed plant live in the same field, but need to gain the same requirements, such as sunlight, water, and minerals. The bristly foxtail has a shallow root system, allowing it to grow where moisture shifts daily. The smartweed has a taproot system, allowing it to grow where soil is perpetually moist.
5. Predator-prey Co-evolution: The snowshoe hare, due to its predation, constantly looks over its shoulder with alert and in fear.
6. Camouflage: A caterpillar can look like birds droppings if it has special color patterns.
7. Mimicry: Beetles and flies can mimic the appearance of the model yellowjacket to avoid being eaten.
8. Aposematic Coloration: A bird can develop aposematic coloration after eating a certain orange-and-black butterfly. The bird will associate the butterfly's color to the toxins and foul taste it had.
9. Pioneer Species: Douglas firs started to grow in the Cascade area at the bottom of the Mount St. Helen volcano a decade after the volcano erupted.
10. Keystone Species: Periwinkles, algae-eating snails, help maintain the number of algal species in tidepools, but reduce it on exposed rock surfaces.
11. Instinctive Behavior: A human baby imitates the facial expressions of adults out of experience before learning them.
12. Imprinting: Baby geese follow their mom around during their short, sensitive period after hatching.
13. Altruism: Zebras are eaten by lions to help the lion population grow.
14. Chemical Communication: The honeybee sends chemical alarms to call action against potential threats.
15. Tactile Communication: When a honeybee finds a source of pollen or nectar, it performs a dance, keeping close contact to the other bees to signal to them the information about about the food source.
16. Courtship ritual/display: King penguins tilt their necks towards each other as a sign of affection.
d. Species & Population & Niche
A niche is the sum of its activities and interactions a species acquires to use the resources it must have to survive and reproduce. The niche of a species and how well the species can adapt its niche to work with its environment will determine how will it will survive among its population.
3. Few Essentials
a. Examples of the following concepts and interactions
1. Commensalism: The sparrow, a small bird, builds its nest under the nest of the osprey. The osprey is a larger bird that protects the sparrow's nest without knowing its there.
2. Mutualism: Lichen is a half plant half fungus. The plant provides food for the fungus, while the fungus provides protection from radiation and water absorption.
3. Parasitism: Tapeworms enter the human body and live in the intestines. It feeds off of the nutrients the human eats, causing the human to keep eating but not gain any nutritional support. The human dies from malnutrition.
4. Resource Partitioning: The bristly foxtail and the smartweed plant live in the same field, but need to gain the same requirements, such as sunlight, water, and minerals. The bristly foxtail has a shallow root system, allowing it to grow where moisture shifts daily. The smartweed has a taproot system, allowing it to grow where soil is perpetually moist.
5. Predator-prey Co-evolution: The snowshoe hare, due to its predation, constantly looks over its shoulder with alert and in fear.
6. Camouflage: A caterpillar can look like birds droppings if it has special color patterns.
7. Mimicry: Beetles and flies can mimic the appearance of the model yellowjacket to avoid being eaten.
8. Aposematic Coloration: A bird can develop aposematic coloration after eating a certain orange-and-black butterfly. The bird will associate the butterfly's color to the toxins and foul taste it had.
9. Pioneer Species: Douglas firs started to grow in the Cascade area at the bottom of the Mount St. Helen volcano a decade after the volcano erupted.
10. Keystone Species: Periwinkles, algae-eating snails, help maintain the number of algal species in tidepools, but reduce it on exposed rock surfaces.
11. Instinctive Behavior: A human baby imitates the facial expressions of adults out of experience before learning them.
12. Imprinting: Baby geese follow their mom around during their short, sensitive period after hatching.
13. Altruism: Zebras are eaten by lions to help the lion population grow.
14. Chemical Communication: The honeybee sends chemical alarms to call action against potential threats.
15. Tactile Communication: When a honeybee finds a source of pollen or nectar, it performs a dance, keeping close contact to the other bees to signal to them the information about about the food source.
16. Courtship ritual/display: King penguins tilt their necks towards each other as a sign of affection.
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